Thursday, March 9, 2023

The indirect impact of humanity on the marine ecosystem

 Although the effects of human beings on the ocean, seas and living resources are often not fully revealed, human effects are clearly known. These are climate change and the depletion of the ozone layer. Likewise, it has a significant impact on marine and ocean ecosystems.

1. Climate Change

Changes in climate will automatically change the sea level, the direction of the current with temperature and salinity, its strength, the level of nutrients in the sea, and the natural boundaries between water columns. These changes will automatically affect marine creatures, especially the distribution of many fish species, their reproduction and their growth.

2. Ozone Layer and ultraviolet radiation

UV-b is the most dangerous component of ultraviolet radio. High concentrations of UV-b rays reach the world due to the thinning of the ozone layer. In the scientific world, not everything is clear about how much and how this effect is, and it is suspected that it has significant effects on plankton all over the world.

Eggs and larvae of fish, crustaceans and crustaceans live in the water column or on the surface, where UV-b rays increase as stated above, especially the water surface. This negatively affects the growth and survival of the living larvae in question. In some studies, it is understood that some species do not reproduce during periods when UV-b rays are intense.

At the same time, increased UV-b rays cause fisheries losses, which is undoubtedly due to breaks in the food chain. For example, it has been determined in the calculations that a 5% decrease in the amount of plankton causes a 6-9% reduction in fisheries. The logic of calculating the 5% reduction is that the 16% thinning in the ozone layer has been calculated. Some species are more sensitive to UV-b rays than other species and therefore predation affects inter and intraspecific race and diversity.

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Tuesday, August 30, 2022

Osmoregulation in Fish

  Every habitat in the marine environment has its own unique structure and problems that the organisms living there have to deal with. Unlike terrestrial creatures, fish (and other marine creatures) have to overcome or adapt to these problems. Most of the adaptations that fish have are aimed at maintaining the balance between their internal conditions and the external environment. The systems of fish are very sensitive and can work in a certain narrow range of conditions. For this reason, fish have to keep their internal environment in a certain balance, regardless of environmental conditions. 

Osmoregulation in Fish (Regulation of Water-Salt Balance)

  Osmoregulation is a biological phenomenon that ensures the maintenance of a certain, appropriate salt-water balance in the organism. Living cells need an environment that contains certain substances, including ions, dissolved in water and in certain densities. It contains the internal environment required by the cells of fish, namely body fluids, dissolved salts and organic compounds.

The amounts of these substances determine the osmotic density of body fluids. Osmotic density is expressed as milli-oz-mole/kilogram, briefly mOsm/kg.

Deviations from the normal state, such as dehydration or excess water intake, changes in body ion concentrations, can lead to physiologically dangerous situations. The organs responsible for osmoregulation in fish are mainly kidneys and gills. In addition to playing a role in removing excess water with some of the metabolic wastes, the kidneys also excrete some mineral salts or It also keeps it in the body. On the other hand, the gills, which function as the primary respiratory organ, also contain nitrogenous substances formed as a result of metabolism. It has an important role in  removing some ions from the environment by throwing out most of the wastes. Also in other vertebrates As with fish, intestine and skin also play a role in osmoregulation.

As with other vertebrates, most fish are osmoregulators. In other words, it can regulate its osmotic environment in the body appropriately, albeit limitedly, according to the changing environmental osmotic conditions. In this context, a narrow salinity that cannot adapt to salinity changes in the environment Fish that can tolerate a change in salinity are called stenohaline, and fish that can adapt to a wide salinity distribution with osmoregulation are called eurichaline fish.


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Tuesday, May 3, 2022

Thursday, April 28, 2022

Hunting And İts Effects On The Ecosystem

In recent years, the effects of fishing on the marine ecosystem have become an increasing focus of attention. This is due not only to the hunting of the target species but also to the exposure of non-target species to hunting. The complex habitat structure of the seas gives them an advantage in terms of continuing their lives. These complex structures increase the chance of survival of sea creatures. Benthic organisms such as marine plants and corals and sediment forms enrich the habitat structure on the seabed. This affects the quality of life of living creatures. Even small marine structures such as shellfish contribute in this sense. Thus, the seabed becomes a nursery for juvenile fish and a feeding and hiding place for adult fish. In this respect, productivity in terms of fisheries in deficient seas is quite limited compared to other regions.

Fishing affects the marine ecosystem according to the type of fishing gear used, the way of use, place and time. For example, the effects of traps on the ecosystem and the effects and degrees of a moving trawl and drag are not the same. In addition to being an active fishing tool, the use of the bottom trawler, in particular, affects the three-dimensional character of the seabed, changes the habitat and affects the biological creatures living there. There are also direct effects, which cause a significant deterioration in the ecosystem.

Among the indirect effects of trawling and dreck on the marine ecosystem, the deterioration of the food chain, the slowdown in the decomposition rate of organic materials and the nutrient conversion (increase or decrease) between the sediment and water have important places. However, it is quite difficult to easily reveal the effects of trawlers and dreck on habitat degradation. Because of the reduction of these commercial and recreational fish stocks, climate changes and oceanographic changes also cause habitat degradation. These factors make it difficult to assess the extent of the effects of hunting on the marine ecosystem, especially habitat degradation.

The best way to test is experimental work, but in this case, it is difficult to detect control areas, especially in trawlers or drench fishing areas. Because this area should never have been exposed to trawling or dredging shots. In addition, it is difficult to generalize between fishing intensity and frequency, method and equipment, seabed structure, marine productivity and abundance of species with economic value, and diversity of other species.

As a result, it is a fact that fishermen, managers and the scientific community should agree that the data of a region will be difficult to adapt and generalize to other regions.

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Friday, March 18, 2022

Underwater Farming

The global populatıon ıs expected to fınd 9.7 bıllıon by 2050, and ın lıne wıth food demand ıs expected to ıncrease by 60 per cent. These growth rates are lookıng for ways to get out of agrıcultural actıvıtıes for the future and developıng projects that wıll ımprove more food productıon.

One of the latest applıcatıons that fundamentals the ıdea of agrıcultural productıon ıs underwater agrıculture.

Today, we unconsciously use more than 50 per cent of the world's resources. The world's population is growing every day. Consumption is increasing in the industrialized world with the upward graph of population. So while the world is developing rapidly economically, it is running out at the same rate. As a result of this spiral cycle, the need to use natural resources more efficiently arises.

According to the United Nations (UN), the global population is expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, with food demand rising by up to 60 per cent. Since these rates of increase will trigger more food production, humanity is looking for ways out and developing projects, especially in agricultural activities, in order not to have severe consequences for the future.

The agricultural sector provides essential nutrients for human life, but the damage it leaves behind is just as large. Farmland, which uses around 70 per cent of the world's freshwater resources, also draws unevenly from groundwater resources. Another of the biggest destructions of industrial agriculture to the environment is deforestation for production. When all these results are taken into account, it is seen that the agricultural sector has great environmental impacts on both land and sea with its intense resource use.

To prevent excessive consumption in the sector, new experiments are carried out in the agricultural sector in light of technological developments. Today, soilless agriculture experiments are carried out in space and the desert. Vertical agriculture, which eliminates the understanding of the land, has been spreading rapidly in recent years. One of the newest applications that radically changes the understanding of agricultural production is underwater agriculture.

WILL TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE BE HISTORY?


The UN World Food Programme says a serious food crisis awaits 155 million people in 55 countries soon. In fact, in 2020 alone, the number of people facing a food crisis increased by 20 million. Studies are already being carried out against the food crisis problem, which has been on the agenda of the world for a very long time, but unfortunately, it is not enough. Because population growth and climate change are moving at the same pace. However, agricultural production cannot meet the needs of the population and the damage to the environment is increasing day by day. When all this comes together, new methods will inevitably be developed in agricultural production.

In recent years, many scientists and entrepreneurs have developed highly futuristic projects for food supply, going beyond traditional farming methods. Production trials are currently being carried out in projects that have been implemented beyond development. Among these new approaches, vertical agriculture is long known and best known. The newest and most shocking are the agricultural productions in space, on the moon and in the desert. One of the newest addresses that attract attention in agricultural production is underwater farming. This new method also called "floating greenhouses"; promises landless, safe and sustainable production. The only common purpose of these methods, each with different technical characteristics, is to solve the looming food crisis as a result of climate change.

THE FUTURE OF THE SEA IS UNDERWATER IN THE FARM

Underwater agriculture or underwater farming is on the agenda of all countries that do not have enough space for agricultural land. Thanks to this system, space is saved in food production and at the same time, very beneficial results are achieved for the underwater ecosystem. Vincent Doumeizel, the UN's ocean-based solutions consultancy, said in a statement about underwater farming: “It is possible to obtain enough protein for 12 billion people with agriculture in only 2% of the ocean. For the production of seaweed, which is the most important protein source It doesn't need soil, clean water or pesticides. In other words, if animals are fed algae-based products instead of soy, methane gas emissions can be reduced by 90 per cent. This practice has already been implemented in countries such as Scotland and Iceland.” said.

Coastal ecosystems; it has been threatened for a very long time due to coastal pollution, habitat loss and overfishing. Underwater farming and aquaculture production can ensure sustainable seafood and a green future in coastal communities, while at the same time accelerating the improvement of the ecosystem. Especially seaweed farms, which are one of the most efficient in restorative aquaculture, have a noticeable positive effect on the environment. Research shows that seaweed farms experience almost twice as much fish and invertebrate diversity around them than in other regions. Aquaculture has long been used to grow foodstuffs such as seafood, but under the leadership of several companies, traditional crops have started to be grown under the sea.

UNDERWATER PRODUCTION PROCESS


Dome-shaped plastic greenhouses, where plants are produced, hang at different depths under the surface of the water, ranging from 4.5 to 11 meters. Each greenhouse is equipped with precise sensor mechanisms to measure carbon dioxide and oxygen levels. Sensors are also responsible for humidity, air temperature and lighting levels in the environment. Developed in 2012 by the global dive company Ocean Reef Group, the project has yielded positive results in the production of almost every plant, from tomatoes to zucchini, beans to mushrooms, lettuce to orchids and aloe vera plants. The project aims to produce the grown foods without soil, and hydroponic technology is used in all air-filled compartments underwater. Plants planted thanks to this technology; It is grown in a controlled environment, in a nutrient-rich solution, without the need for soil to give water and minerals to its roots.

Each greenhouse dome is equipped with a 10-meter spiral pipe with seedbeds. Irrigation water and fertilizer are also delivered to the plants by pump from a tank at the bottom of the spiral. All stages carried out throughout the production are controlled from the overwater control tower, equipped with solar panels that control the reduction of moisture in plants.

NO PESTICIDE REQUIRED IN PRODUCTION


Sergio Gamberini, the owner of the underwater farm idea, is a professional diver and amateur gardener. When Gamberini's small trials on the road he set out with a dream yielded results, he develops the project he calls Nemo's Garden through the family company Ocean Reef. The project, which started with a few basil seeds, now hosts over 700 plants such as tomatoes, strawberries, aloe vera and mint. As part of the project they created in Genoa, Italy, there are six greenhouses underwater today. Plants grown underwater also draw attention with their higher eugenol and chlorophyll ratios than plants grown on land.

The biggest environmental benefit of underwater agriculture, which has the potential to reduce carbon emissions, is that it eliminates the need for pesticides. Since no pests can come to underwater crops, the insecticide option ceases to be part of food production completely. The seawater in the compartments evaporates first and then condenses again to provide fresh water to the plants, thus saving a great deal of water usage thanks to the project.

DEMAND FOR UNDERWATER PRODUCTS IS INCREASING


The world's population is expected to grow to almost 10 billion by 2050. According to UN reports from this point, using water that covers the earth's surface in the production of sweat can help to feed in the coming years. Everything is fine for the moment, especially in the last few years there has been increased interest in local products supplied by sea. Products such as seaweed, sea beets and sea cabbage are now specially requested in restaurants. In addition, in a world where veganism is widely adopted day by day, moss is in serious demand with its sustainable, healthy and high supply of iodine.

While it is promising to see an interest in locally grown food, it is not yet clear whether underwater farming can support the food demands of a growing global population. Currently, there is no great pioneer other than Nemo's Garden as the founder and developer of this method. Although efficient production is provided from underwater agriculture, which progresses in a microstate, the biggest handicap of this agricultural management is its high cost. If underwater farming, which requires a serious cost, is commercialized with more support in the coming years, a larger scale and more efficient production can be realized.

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Wednesday, February 9, 2022

WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

It is to determine and implement the legal and technical principles necessary for the use of water and the prevention of pollution to protect the potential of underground and surface water resources and to ensure the best use.

Water quality management and water pollution control;

1- Quality classifications of aquatic environments and their usage purposes

2- Planning principles and prohibitions regarding the protection of water quality

3- Discharge principles of wastewater and discharge permit principles

4- Principles related to wastewater infrastructure facilities

CONTAMINANT SOURCES AND THEIR PROPERTIES IN WATER POLLUTION

Pollutant sources (WHO, World Health Organization);

  • organic pollutants
  •  Pollutants causing epidemic disease (Microorganisms)
  • It causes abnormal growth and reproduction of plants pollutants that cause
  • Synthetic organic pollutants
  • Petroleum-based pollutants
  • Inorganic pollutants
  • Sediment origin pollutants
  • Radioactive pollutants
  • Pollution caused by waste heat

Classification Of Contaminants Is Divided Into Two;

1. Non-Resistant Contaminants (Biologically Decomposable Contaminants);

  • The majority of pollutants found in domestic wastewater
  • Wastes from the food industry
  • Paper factory waste
  • Wastes from some factories producing chemicals
  • Thermal contamination
  • Bacteriological Contamination

2. Resistant Contaminants;

  • Chlorinated Substances
  • Waste Salts
  • Detergents
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Waste Oils

Organic Pollutants

  • Organic pollutants cause pollution by lowering the dissolved oxygen in the water.
  • Vertebrates are most affected by low oxygen concentration, followed by invertebrates least by bacteria.
  • C→+O2 CO2; 9 mg O2 for 3 mg of carbon, about 45 mg of O2 per drop of oil is necessary.

Synthetic Organic Pollutants

  • Detergents
  • Pesticides
  • Plastics
  • Medicines

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Tuesday, February 8, 2022

Let's Get To Know Somalia Briefly

General Information About Somalia

Location;


Somalia is in the region in East Africa, which includes Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti, which surrounds the Arabian peninsula in the eastern part of Africa and is called the Horn of Africa. Somalia is strategically important because the Gulf of Aden is important for international trade and provides the region's connection between the Mediterranean and the Arab Sea.


Area of Somalia;

The country's surface is 637.657 km²

Border Lengths with Neighbors;


Djibouti in the northwest, Kenya in the southwest, Gulf of Aden and Yemen in the north, Ethiopia in the west and the Indian Ocean is surrounded by in the east.

Border lengths with neighbouringcountries;

It is 682 km with Kenya, 1,626 km with Ethiopia and 58 km with Djibouti.


Climate Features

Somalia's climate is tropical and warm all year round. Only the dry season in Somalia And it's rainy season. Seasonal changes in the country are noticeably is not visible. 

The amount of precipitation and temperature in the country varies according to the monsoon winds blowing from the northeast. The seasonal variable is not regular; There are two precipitation seasons between March-June and September-December. Temperature change varies between 15°C and 30°C depending on the geographical regions of the country. The portion of the north coast overlooking the Gulf of Aden can reach temperatures of 45 °C. 

Especially in summer the wind blowing from the desert during the months can raise dust clouds. While large areas have a typical desert or semi-desert climate, the wettest areas are covered with savannahs. Rains are very rare and are irregular. The driest areas are the northern coast, where annual rainfall drops by about 50 mm (2 inches) a year. In the low and flat southeast region, the temperature ranges from 27°C to 32°C.

In Mogadishu, the annual temperature average ranges from 28°C to 32°C. The annual precipitation average is approximately 280 mm. The region of Baidoa is the country's most precipitous area due to its annual  rainfall of 570 mm. Frequent droughts due to droughts, sandstorms and flooding during the rainfall. Temperatures and rains in Somalia vary from year to year due to climate change. They can also cause sudden floods, usually in the form of short periods of showers and thundershowers. This is typically happening in the southern area, in the two main rivers of JUBBA and Shabelle.

Natural Reefs

The copper that has not yet been touched in Somalia, Gold, Uranium, Iron, Tin, and has Natural Gas sources. 

Somalia it very diverse for plants and animals. There are baobap trees that are often seen in the country. 

Somalia is the world's largest daily and yellow gum maker. There are also, palm trees, glass and Juniper trees. The Baidoa region is the greenest part of the country because the annual rainfall is 570 mm. There are enough forestry areas in the country to say there are none. 

65% of the Somalia economy is based on livestock, fisheries and farming. Camels, sheep, goats and cattle are raised. 15% of the country's land is being cultivated. 

The land along the Jubba and Sabelle rivers is very efficient. Crops are Corn, Millet, Sesame, Beans, Cotton, Sugar beets, mango, lemon, coconut and banana. 

The main animal range is camels, sheep, goats, cattle, elephants, crocodiles, lions, leopards, and pars. 

The 3 sides of the country are covered in the Indian ocean. It's full of colourful tropical fish. There is plenty of tuna and sharks.

Critical Land Segments

The two most important rivers in Somalia, Shabelle and Jubba rivers, are born in Ethiopia, merged in the north of Kismayo province and poured into the Indian Ocean. There are no natural lakes in Somalia. There are also artificial lakes created for watering and drinking.

Somalia has the longest coastline in Africa with 3.333-km. The northern part of Djibouti has large sand beaches and reefs with rocky cliffs.

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Friday, February 4, 2022

DRYING CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY IN FISHERY PRODUCTS

 It is used to preserve food for a long time.

Drying aims to reduce the water activity below a certain value and reduce the chemical and prevent microbiological spoilage.

The benefit is used to preserve all the features of fresh foods close to freshness for a long time.

The principle of many preservation methods is based on controlling the water activity in the product. Water activity is the measure of water that microorganisms in the product or food can use for their activities. Foodstuffs whose water ratio is lowered below a certain level are more resistant to chemical, enzymatic and microbiological deterioration under normal atmospheric conditions.

If the food is made unsuitable for microorganisms in terms of water content, microorganisms may not function even if all other factors are appropriate.

Foods with a water activity (aw) below 0.60 are classified as dry foods. 

Quality and durability of dried products; Although it is different according to the freshness of the raw material, the microorganism content of the drying air, the hygiene conditions of the enterprise and the working personnel, the water amount of the dried product is the main factor affecting the quality and durability.

During the drying process, many physical, chemical, mechanical, biochemical and microbiological events occur.

It is possible to collect the quality of dried products under three headings.

  1. Chemical quality 
  2. Microbiological quality 
  3. Sensory quality
Dried aquatic products are foods that have been dehydrated to increase their strength, and they are in the group of concentrated products in terms of protein, oil and mineral substances.

The chemical quality of the products that are stored or produced under inappropriate conditions cause them to deteriorate rapidly or to some may contain high levels of harmful substances.

Chemical quality analyses of dried products in terms of human health standards or consumption should be carefully followed in terms of It is necessary not to allow products contrary to the limits to be placed on the market.

As the temperature in the drying process rises, the protein quality of the dried products decreases and the loss of vitamins increases.

Such changes harm the nutritional quality and aroma structure of the product.

The most important chemical problem encountered in dried aquatic products is the oxidation of the product depending on the oil content.

Oxidation is the result of a high concentration of oil in dried fish. It is one of the most common problems due to its effects.

The degradation reactions occurring in oils are limited only by the structure of the oil. is not. These reactions occur in the tissue where the fat is located. Therefore spoiled oil, as well as the consumability and nutritional value of dried products. directly affect its properties.

The changes that occur in the product as a result of the deterioration of oils can be listed as follows; flavour, odour, acidity change, peroxide, aldehyde and ketone formation. This type of change is a general type of change in oils and is called "bitterness".

Bitterness develops with the effect of lipoxidase enzyme or oxygen acting on the fat molecule. As the process progresses, the reaction rate increases. Autoxidation varies depending on different factors.

In general, many bacteria that determine the quality of food and cause deterioration can develop up to 0.90 water activities, and therefore no bacterial deterioration in dried foods.

Microorganisms that can develop at values ​​below 0.90 of water activity are yeast and moulds. However, a water activity value of 0.90 is very close to the minimum water activity value at which normal yeasts can grow. The minimum (aw) value for normal yeasts is around 0.88.

Usually, around 0.65 water activity, microbial degradation is almost Although it can be completely avoided, the water activity of this value and slightly below some osmophilic yeasts and some moulds can grow, albeit very slowly.

Generally, mould and yeast deterioration occurs within 1-2 weeks in dried foods between 0.80-0.85 water activity. A water activity of 0.75 prevents mould and yeast growth and deterioration. delays and microbiological deterioration is not observed for a long time at 0.70 water activity. Generally, an (aw) value of 0.60 is considered the lower limit for microbial growth, but dried foods up to a water activity value of 0.70 can be preserved for a long time without spoiling.

FACTORS DEPENDING ON THE EFFECT OF DRYING ON MICROORGANISMS

The lethal effect of drying on microorganisms;
  • The genus of the microorganism
  • The type of microorganism
  • Physiological age and number of microorganism
  • Drying conditions (drying mode, drying temperature, drying time and dehydration rate) Depending on factors such as the type and composition of the food (pH, inhibitory substances, etc.) as it varies.

PHYSICAL AND SENSORY CHANGES IN DRIED PRODUCTS

In dried fish products;
  • Crack, Scratch, Foam, - cut vs. absence of defects or the products should not have any organ remnants and soft areas in the abdominal cavity parts.
  • Again, no aroma change indicating protein denaturation should be observed in these products
  • Deterioration due to fat oxidation, rancidity, souring, backbone hunched, sunken, half-moon curved depending on the deformation condition, excessive discolouration of the skin, a musty, bitter odour or external surface Defects such as loss of natural colour due to yellowish colour changes at different points should not be seen.
Sensory properties of dried products;
  • The infestation of insects, mesmerization and oxidation of lipids may cause deterioration.
  • Changes and losses can occur in the structures of amino acids due to the heat that can be caused by the process when preparing to affect the sensory quality of dried products.
  • The salting process was applied to dried fish (drying with dry salting) and if desalination has not been applied, salt crystal formation on their skin is frequently encountered.
  • This situation leads to a decrease in the amount of water in the dried fish and, accordingly, to the formation of white spots due to the accumulation of salt on the surface of the skin. The consumer is faced with an emotionally undesirable appearance

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Fish Diseases

Symptoms In Fish Diseases

  •  Rotation
  • Numbness (Lethargy)
  •  Gather Round
  •  Lack Of Appetite
  • Friction On Net Or Walls
  • Neural Behavior

Lesions Seen İn The Exterior Look

  • Exophthalmos eye bleeding,
  • Blindness, turbidity
  • Skin discolouration lesions
  • Haemorrhages, cysts on the fins,
  • Body surface ascites,
  •  Swelling in the anus, haemorrhage
Lesions Seen İn The İnner View
  • Fluid (pus, serous, purulent) accumulation in body cavities
  • Haemorrhage in internal organs
  • Excessive growth
  • Oedema in the intestines
  • Bleeding enteritis bleeding in the muscles

Bacterial Fish Zoonoses

  • Skin Route: Contact of contaminated fish tissues and contaminated water with skin tears and wounds.
  • Digestive Route: Contaminated fish products contaminated water.

Examples Of Zoonoses…..

  • Aeromonas hydrophila: ıt grows easily at a normal salt rate (4%) in foods, at refrigerator temperature and produces enterotoxin. ıt causes cholera-like digestive system disease. they can also cause post-contact sores.
  • Various Species İn The Enterobacteriaceae Family: Infections occur as a result of opportunistic pathogens and indicator microorganisms, especially through the digestive tract. Escherichia Coli, Salmonella Spp., and others
  • Vibrio Species (Vibrio Cholerae, V. Vulnificus)The source of infection, contaminated water, raw or undercooked seafood can cause diarrhoea and vomiting.
  • Staphylococcus Aureus: They produce enterotoxin. following the ingestion of the toxin with foodstuffs or contaminated water, they cause digestive system disorders.
  • Clostridium Botulinum And C. perfringens: They cause food poisoning, which can result in death as a result of ingestion.
  •  Mycobacterium Marium, M. Fortuitum: They are transmitted through the skin. lesions of granulomatous character on hands and feet they are formed. ıt is not lethal, but has a chronic course and requires long-term chemotherapy.

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The indirect impact of humanity on the marine ecosystem

 Although the effects of human beings on the ocean, seas and living resources are often not fully revealed, human effects are clearly known....

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